Parts of Speech
The fundamental word classes that build every English sentence
Open vs. Closed Classes
Why some word classes grow and some stay fixed. The complete map of English word types — the ideal starting point before diving into individual parts of speech.
Core Word Classes
Nouns
Names for people, places, things, and ideas. Types, countable vs uncountable, plurals.
Pronouns
Smart noun replacements. Personal, possessive, reflexive, relative, indefinite.
Verbs
The powerhouse of every sentence. Regular vs irregular, verb types, conjugation.
Adjectives
Paint nouns with detail. OSASCOMP word order, types, comparatives and superlatives.
Adverbs
Modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. Types, position in sentences, comparison.
Prepositions
Navigate relationships of time, place, and direction. In, on, at, by — mastered.
Conjunctions
Connect words, phrases, and clauses. Coordinating, subordinating, correlative.
Determiners
Words that introduce nouns. Articles, quantifiers, demonstratives, possessives.
Articles
Master a/an, the, and zero article — the trickiest small words in English.
Related Topics
Primary Auxiliaries
Be, do, have — the unsung heroes that form tenses, questions, and negatives.
Conjunctive Adverbs
However, therefore, moreover — linking clauses with style and precision.
Contractions
It's, don't, won't — the art of squeezing words. Rules, style, and common traps.
Antecedent
The noun a pronoun refers back to. Agreement in number, gender, and person.
Collective Nouns
A flock, a pride, a murder. Groups treated as single units — and when they're not.
Interrogative Words
Who, what, where, when, why, how — the question words that open every investigation.
Modal Verbs
Express ability, possibility, permission, and obligation with precision
Modal Verbs Overview
The complete guide to all modal verbs. Types, meanings, and usage in context.
Can vs. Could
What you can do vs. what you could do. Ability, possibility, and polite requests.
May vs. Might
Both express possibility — but which is more likely? Master the subtle distinction.
MUST
Obligation, necessity, and strong deduction. Must vs. have to — the full picture.
Should & Ought To
Advice, recommendations, and mild obligation. When to use each and the difference.
Will vs. Shall
Future intentions, promises, and offers. When will and shall are interchangeable — and when they're not.
Would
Hypotheticals, polite requests, past habits, and conditionals. The most versatile modal.
Semi-Modal Verbs
Need to, have to, used to, dare — the in-between verbs that behave like modals but follow different rules.
Verb Forms & Voice
Advanced verb forms, grammatical mood, and how voice shifts sentence focus
Non-Finite Verbs
Verbs that wear costumes — acting as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs.
Finite Verbs
Verbs that carry tense, person, and number. The backbone of every complete English clause.
Active vs. Passive Voice
When the subject acts vs. when it's acted upon. Transform and apply both voices.
Grammatical Mood
The attitude behind the verb. Indicative, imperative, and the tricky subjunctive.
Causatives
Make, have, get, let — the boss verbs that cause others to do the action.
Verb Types
Transitive, intransitive, linking, and more. How verb type shapes sentence structure.
Gerunds & Infinitives
After enjoy, avoid, want, try — -ing or to? The complete guide to gerund and infinitive patterns.
Irregular Verbs
Go → went → gone. The irregular verbs every English learner must memorise.
Phrasal Verbs
Give up, look into, run out of. Multi-word verbs that make English richer — and trickier.
Tenses
Master time in English — every tense, clearly explained and visualised
Overview
Present Tenses
Present Simple
Facts, habits, and routines. The bedrock tense of English communication.
Present Continuous
What's happening right now or in progress. -ing in action.
Present Perfect
Past actions with present relevance. Have/has done — experience, result, recent past.
Present Perfect Continuous
How long something has been happening. Duration and ongoing action.
Past Tenses
Past Simple
Completed actions in the past. Regular and irregular verbs in action.
Past Continuous
Actions in progress at a past moment. Setting the scene and interrupted actions.
Past Perfect
The past of the past. What had already happened before another past event.
Past Perfect Continuous
Duration of an action that had been ongoing before a past moment.
Future Tenses
Future Simple
Predictions, decisions, and promises. Will and going to — when to use each.
Future Continuous
Actions that will be in progress at a specific future moment.
Future Perfect
What will have been completed by a future time. Will have done.
Future Perfect Continuous
Duration of an action up to a future point. Will have been -ing.
Will vs. Be Going To
Spontaneous decisions vs. pre-made plans. When to use will and when be going to is the only right choice.
Sentence Structure
How English sentences are built — from phrases and clauses to complex structures
Sentence Structure
Simple, compound, and complex sentences. Build them correctly from scratch.
Sentence Structure Lab
Interactive lab for hands-on analysis and construction of sentence structures.
Subject-Verb Harmony
Agreement rules for tricky subjects. Collective nouns, either/or, and special cases.
Direct & Indirect Objects
What verbs act on and who receives the action. Ditransitive verbs explained.
Question Formation
Inversion, auxiliary verbs, and question tags. Form any question correctly.
Adjective & Adverb Phrases
How adjective and adverb phrases are built and used to create precise, expressive language.
The Phrase Explorer
Noun, verb, and prepositional phrases — the building blocks within sentences.
The Clause Compass
Navigate independent and dependent clauses, relative clauses, and all major types.
Conditionals
The logic of "if". Zero through mixed conditionals with real-world examples.
Reported Speech
Transform direct speech into reported speech. Backshift rules and reporting verbs.
Modern English Syntax
Research-based deep dive into phrase structure and syntactic trees.
Architecture of Syntax
Constituency, categories & functions, and phrase structure theory in depth.
Advanced English Syntax
Complex syntactic structures for confident, sophisticated English writing.
Reducing Clauses
Trim relative and adverbial clauses into compact participial phrases. Say more with less.
Common English Mistakes
The most common grammar mistakes in English — and how to fix them once and for all.
Language Science
Linguistics, cognitive science, and the deeper architecture of language
Morphology Explorer
The architecture of words. Roots, affixes, derivation, and inflection.
Prefixes
Un-, re-, pre-, mis- — how prefixes attach to roots and change meaning entirely.
Suffixes
-tion, -ness, -ly, -er — how suffixes build new words and shift their grammatical class.
Architecture of Language
A comprehensive look at how all language systems connect and work together.
The Science of Grammar
Evidence-based grammar — where cognitive science meets linguistic research.
Deep Vocabulary
The No-Flashcard Protocol. Build vocabulary through context, not memorization.
AI & Language
How AI systems learn language and what it reveals about human grammar acquisition.
Pragmatics
Why "correct" isn't always appropriate. Speech acts, politeness, implicature, and context in real language use.
Russian → English
Grammar explained for Russian-speaking learners of English